@Elizabeth Jones good question, and honestly the way you framed it is exactly the right way to approach any module spec — healthy skepticism about whether marketing numbers hold up in real deployments.
On the 18Hz being sustained vs burst: the fix rate on the MultiNav Pro+ is designed as a continuous output rate, not a burst mode. The reason it's spec'd at 18Hz specifically for fast-moving platforms like drones is that burst-mode behavior would be useless for that application — you can't track a drone doing 80km/h with position snapshots. That said, I want to be straight with you: sky view quality and signal environment will always affect any GNSS module's practical output, and if you're in a degraded signal environment the receiver has to work harder to maintain lock which can affect update consistency. That's not unique to this module, that's physics.
On the thermal/enclosure concern — this is a real thing worth testing in your actual build. If you're stacking it with other modules generating heat nearby, I'd put a temperature logger on it during a real run and see what you're actually getting. The supercap power kit is a good pairing here because the regulated output is clean, which helps, but enclosure thermals are your variable.
Power scaling between 5Hz and 18Hz — I don't have exact current draw numbers for each rate tier off the top of my head, so I'd rather not throw out figures that might be wrong for your power budget math. If you post your target run time and rough system current budget I can help you think through whether the supercap kit sizes right for your use case, and it might also be worth tagging someone from the RFOXiA team directly for the per-Hz power specs.